WEBVTT

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Though I walk through

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The valley
    of the shadow of death...

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I will fear no evil.

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pull it!

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Your servant.

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The colosseum
is the roman empire

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Distilled to
      its most basic assets.

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It is a symbol of conquest.

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It's a symbol of dominance.

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It's a symbol
        of imperial power

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Radiating throughout
         the roman world.

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Now.

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Any emperor had the
colosseum at his disposal

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To use as a tool to reassert
    his power and authority.

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The message to
the roman people

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Is that life is a combat.

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It was also
a judicial warning.

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"do not test
       the power of rome."

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It was a death penalty
             offense.

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If you live by the sword...

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You die by the sword.

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It demonstrates
the power of the colosseum.

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It made slaves into heroes,

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Upending
   the power structure of rome.

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The colosseum
will come to symbolize

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The rise and fall of rome.

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It's all there,
the blood, the glory,

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The magnificence, and the flaws

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That made rome
       the greatest empire

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That europe has ever seen.

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In 107 a.D.,

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Emperor trajan celebrates
   an extended series of games.

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When trajan succeeds
the roman empire,

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Rome is at its greatest.

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It's vast, it's successful,
           it's rich,

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And trajan really
       personifies that--

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The energy, the success,

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And the sophistication of this
    extraordinary institution.

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Under his leadership,

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The roman empire reaches its

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Greatest territorial extent--

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2 million square miles.

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Stretching from
britannia in the west

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To syria in the east,

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The 50 million subjects
             of rome

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Believe in a wide array of
  different religions and gods.

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But one underground spiritual
      movement in particular

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Is gaining momentum.

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The number of christians
  is growing.

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And what started
    as a very small movement

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Based around jerusalem

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Has now spread across
           the empire.

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Dear lord,
protect our brother ignatius

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From those who would
         do evil to him.

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Amen.

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Christians.

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When they see a few of their
high priests eaten by lions,

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They'll turn to our gods.

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The romans see christianity
  as a threat

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Because of its promise

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To undermine roman conceptions

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Of how power and authority
     were supposed to work.

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A prominent christian leader
is brought to rome

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To be killed, most likely
   in the city's amphitheater.

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Ignatius of antioch,

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He is clearly the target
        of trajan's anger,

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Because he is arrested and
 brought to rome to be executed

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By being fed to lions,
   probably in the colosseum.

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If these people show
disrespect to the emperor,

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And the roman state.

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That's sedition.

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And for that,
     they should be killed.

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Public executions were
supposed to teach a lesson

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To those who witnessed them.

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The fate of christians
  who persisted in their belief

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Was a capital offense.

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It was a death penalty offense.

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But this will be
no ordinary execution.

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Ignatius is convinced that
he's going to die violently,

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And this is okay with him,

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Because ignatius wants
 to follow the model of christ.

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Ignatius is willing to do this,

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To die, just like jesus,
         to be martyred.

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While ignatius
      is on his way to rome,

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He is able to write
          seven letters.

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And it's because of these
 letters that we know who he is.

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These are
first person accounts

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Of what happened to him,
     how he feels about it,

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Why he thinks it matters
   or might make a difference.

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His long journey to rome

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Starts 1,800 miles east

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In the third largest city
          of the empire.

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Well, the city of antioch
had a jewish population

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For a very long time.

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And when the message
         of jesus comes,

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That is one of the places
 where that message takes root.

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The term "christian" is first
   used in the city of antioch.

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Before that, they were called
    the followers of the way.

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Ignatius is living around

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80 years
    after the death of christ.

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- I baptize thee.
- Go and serve the lord.

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At this point, ignatius has
become the bishop of antioch.

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And rome was noticing
     this tiny new religion.

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The romans were beginning

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To see the christians
        as troublemakers.

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Why? Because when groups
   start to assemble together,

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They start to grow,
 they start to spread new ideas.

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And rome doesn't want
         any new ideas.

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They don't want anybody
           challenging

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The roman power structure,
         the roman ethic.

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They have strange rituals
  which are,

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To the romans' point of view,

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Akin to human sacrifice.

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They eat the body
       and drink the blood

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Of this jesus christ.

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They have the audacity to say
   that this same jesus christ

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Is the son of god.

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The roman religion,
just like the greek religion,

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Was based around
       a pantheon of gods.

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The romans were very happy
to worship multiple gods

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And don't see any problem
            with that.

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The romans had a god for almost
     every imaginable thing.

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The goddess of childbed,
       the gods of trade,

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You were going to hell.

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If you had a group
  within society

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That was actively disrupting
       the proper rituals,

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The proper forms of behavior
     and honoring the gods,

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Then they were a threat
    to the literal well-being

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Of your--of your empire.

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As this radical new
religion continues spreading,

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It reaches the capital.

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It's not implausible
  to estimate

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The population
      of christians in rome

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At around this time
        in the thousands.

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Mostly it's foreigners
        and the low born

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Who don't go out of their way
  to advertise their presence.

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But emperor trajan's
  advisors

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Are on high alert
          to spot them.

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- Guards, have him flogged.
              - No.

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One of the symbols of
the ancient church was a fish.

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It was an acronym.
    It stood for jesus christ,

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The son of god,
       the savior in greek.

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The christians used that
  as a symbol for who they were

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And how they could not
   be known to the authorities.

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- Tell me.
- What is it in your beliefs

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That my friend here
       finds so offensive?

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We only believe in love,
 caesar.

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That is all.

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You object to love, sura?

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Of course not.

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God's love, caesar.

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Am I not divine, barber?

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Of course.

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So shave your divine emperor.

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Yes, sir.

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The emperor himself
  demands homage

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And in some cases worship.

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And christians
      refuse this as well.

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This is a form of treason.

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Trajan didn't just wanna go
round them all up,

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Because that would bring
       even more attention

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To the christian movement.

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He demanded that they make
     a profession of faith,

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Of loyalty to rome
     and to the roman gods.

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Trajan's attitude
  to christians

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Is like "don't ask, don't-tell"
        sort of attitude,

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A sort of tolerance.

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If they show disrespect
          to the emperor

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And to the roman state,

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By all means arrest them,
   torture them, execute them.

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But otherwise, if they keep
    themselves to themselves,

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Leave them alone.

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Then a catastrophic event

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Brings christians
       unwelcome attention.

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Around this time, there's a
massive earthquake in antioch.

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"well, maybe it was
        these christians

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"who are not behaving
    properly towards the gods

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And caused this chaos."

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When some natural calamity
  occurred,

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The romans choose
          as a scapegoat

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This troublesome,
       revolutionary sect.

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Especially targeted
are the leaders,

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Like ignatius.

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After a series of
earthquakes strike antioch

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In the early 2nd century,
  authorities blame christians.

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At times of disaster,

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Christians who claimed that
   the roman gods did not exist

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Represented a threat
  that could call down disaster

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Upon the roman world.

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Ignatius is arrested

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And brought before
  the governor of the province.

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We have this really
interesting correspondence

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Between trajan,
       who is the emperor,

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And pliny,
      one of his governors.

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Pliny writes to trajan,
          and he says,

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"what do I do
     with these christians?"

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Trajan writes back,
           and he says,

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"well, don't go
        seeking them out.

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"but if they do come
        to your attention,

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"make them curse
       the name of christ.

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"and if they won't do that,

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"then you'll know
    that they are christians,

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And you should act accordingly
     putting them to death."

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Make your mark,
and you're free to go.

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Ignatius, he's one
of the first people

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To be confronted
       with that decision.

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"will you bow the knee
      to the gods of rome,

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Or will you stand firm in
 the convictions that you have?"

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- I cannot sign this, governor.
- I'm sorry.

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I cannot swear loyalty
  to the emperor above my god.

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You understand you leave me
 no choice.

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We know from early
christian trial documents

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Concerning martyrs
    that roman administrators

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Gave christians
     every chance to recant.

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"honor the roman empire
      and you can go free."

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But ignatius wasn't interested
          in doing this,

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Knowing full well
        that it will lead

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To his violent death
    in the colosseum in rome.

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Placed in chains
and escorted by armed guards,

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Ignatius begins his
   1,800-mile journey to rome.

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Why go through all
the trouble of moving ignatius

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All the way up to rome?

00:14:05.720 --> 00:14:09.640
Why wasn't ignatius
    put to death in antioch?

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One theory could be that the
   roman empire seized on this

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As an opportunity
   to kind of showcase ignatius

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As a senior figure
          in the church.

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That would serve as
   a really powerful example.

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Ignatius' arrest
  coincides

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With trajan's recent
        conquest of dacia,

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An ancient kingdom in what
    is now modern-day romania.

00:14:34.240 --> 00:14:36.600
To celebrate his
victorious campaign in dacia,

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Trajan inaugurated

00:14:39.440 --> 00:14:41.520
123 days of celebratory games.

00:14:41.520 --> 00:14:41.560
123 days of celebratory games.

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Capital criminals
are being gathered

00:14:43.920 --> 00:14:45.360
From throughout the empire.

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Trajan basically says,

00:14:47.600 --> 00:14:50.200
"let's do away with all of them
         in a big show."

00:14:50.280 --> 00:14:52.080
To reach
their final destination,

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The captives must March
          20 miles a day

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Across rome's
   incredible system of roads.

00:14:58.760 --> 00:15:00.240
Ignatius would have traveled

00:15:00.320 --> 00:15:02.320
Along a major
      east-west thoroughfare

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Which is known now
       as the via egnatia,

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And that connected the cities

00:15:07.280 --> 00:15:09.160
In the eastern half
    of the empire with rome.

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The via egnatia
is one of 372 major roads,

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A network totaling
          250,000 miles

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That connect the empire's
      40 provinces to rome.

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The famous saying,
"all roads lead to rome,"

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Was absolutely true
      in the literal sense.

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Roman roads are the nervous
      system of the empire.

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It allows the legions
         and the traders,

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The politicians to travel to
 the four corners of the empire.

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But at the same time,
      it brings the people

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And the ideas back to rome.

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Ironically, it was
this very system of roads

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That allowed ignatius
      to write letters ahead

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That actually helped
   the spread of christianity.

00:16:00.560 --> 00:16:05.280
So in one way, the romans
      and their road system

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Actually paved the way
 for the spread of christianity.

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Helping him is
a servant and scribe, burrhus.

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I'm glad you're with me,
 burrhus.

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It's an honor
to accompany you.

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That seems strange that
somebody who's been arrested

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As a criminal could travel
        with their scribe.

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Slaves were not people.
        They were things.

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So if you were
   a very high status citizen

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And you were arrested
          as a criminal,

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You could have your slave
      with you on that trip.

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Burrhus was provided to him
 by the church,

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And his job
     was to take dictation,

00:16:47.440 --> 00:16:51.280
To write down the things
       that ignatius said.

00:16:54.120 --> 00:16:57.520
Ignatius says, "I am chained
up by ten soldiers,"

00:16:57.600 --> 00:17:00.720
Then he says, "ten leopards,
    because they're so fierce.

00:17:00.800 --> 00:17:03.040
They mistreat me.
         I'm in chains."

00:17:03.280 --> 00:17:04.880
So he treats the soldiers

00:17:04.960 --> 00:17:07.360
As if they are fierce
           wild beasts,

00:17:07.600 --> 00:17:09.120
No doubt thinking about
         the wild beasts

00:17:09.360 --> 00:17:12.560
That he will face
        in the colosseum.

00:17:12.640 --> 00:17:14.960
This is a real man
   contemplating his own death

00:17:15.080 --> 00:17:18.880
And asking god to give him the
 strength to go through with it.

00:17:27.280 --> 00:17:28.960
As he comes into each town,

00:17:29.040 --> 00:17:31.920
The local christians there
      come out to meet him.

00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:34.480
He does become a little bit
    of a christian celebrity,

00:17:34.560 --> 00:17:36.080
You might say.

00:17:36.160 --> 00:17:39.400
Our lord has a plan
 for all of us.

00:17:40.880 --> 00:17:44.800
Yours...Is to help
        spread my story.

00:17:47.880 --> 00:17:49.520
Poor men and women

00:17:49.640 --> 00:17:51.920
Are especially drawn
    to the christian message.

00:17:52.000 --> 00:17:53.760
Christians are famous

00:17:54.000 --> 00:17:55.760
For calling each other
       brother and sister.

00:17:55.840 --> 00:17:57.600
And by doing this,

00:17:57.680 --> 00:17:59.680
They're building
  for themselves a new society,

00:17:59.760 --> 00:18:02.800
One that stands apart
     from roman patriarchy.

00:18:02.920 --> 00:18:06.400
If you were poor, if you were
 disaffected or disenfranchised,

00:18:06.480 --> 00:18:07.840
And that was, let's face it,

00:18:07.920 --> 00:18:10.160
The majority of
     the population of rome,

00:18:10.240 --> 00:18:12.960
Then christianity
    offered you opportunities

00:18:13.200 --> 00:18:15.680
Which you would not have
    had otherwise in society.

00:18:17.840 --> 00:18:19.120
One of the founding

00:18:19.240 --> 00:18:21.120
And enticing principles
         of christianity

00:18:21.360 --> 00:18:23.400
Is that the meek
    shall inherit the earth--

00:18:23.480 --> 00:18:26.000
A message that would have
    resonated with the slaves

00:18:26.120 --> 00:18:27.680
And lowborn within rome.

00:18:27.920 --> 00:18:30.720
But to the romans themselves,
     the idea that the meek

00:18:30.960 --> 00:18:33.600
Somehow would inherit
    the earth is ridiculous.

00:18:33.680 --> 00:18:36.000
Hey, what's going on
 over here?

00:18:36.240 --> 00:18:38.480
Who are these women?

00:18:38.560 --> 00:18:40.960
It's the strong and the bold
who are in power.

00:18:41.040 --> 00:18:43.200
- Huh?
    - They were just leaving.

00:18:48.160 --> 00:18:50.800
Ignatius' message
  of equality

00:18:50.920 --> 00:18:53.360
Could turn that power
           on its head,

00:18:53.480 --> 00:18:56.400
Even if it was going to
       cost him his life.

00:18:56.520 --> 00:18:58.720
Making him
a much bigger threat

00:18:58.800 --> 00:19:01.760
Than romans can possibly
           anticipate.

00:19:09.280 --> 00:19:11.200
After 60 days,

00:19:11.320 --> 00:19:13.600
Ignatius is over
         halfway to rome.

00:19:13.680 --> 00:19:16.080
He reaches
     the port of dyrrhachium

00:19:16.200 --> 00:19:18.320
In modern-day albania.

00:19:46.280 --> 00:19:47.880
No.

00:19:54.920 --> 00:19:58.480
I choose to go to rome.

00:19:58.560 --> 00:20:03.120
These chains...
       They're my choice.

00:20:12.720 --> 00:20:14.320
Ignatius seemed determined

00:20:14.440 --> 00:20:17.840
To go through with
    this plan to die in rome,

00:20:17.920 --> 00:20:20.320
And nothing
    in his letters indicates

00:20:20.400 --> 00:20:23.040
That he was looking
         for a way out.

00:20:23.280 --> 00:20:28.320
Ignatius knows that there's
  tremendous power in martyrdom.

00:20:28.400 --> 00:20:30.640
We know that along the way,
  there were certain christians

00:20:30.720 --> 00:20:33.680
Who tried to put together
         an escape plan.

00:20:33.760 --> 00:20:37.520
But ignatius
  doesn't take this opportunity.

00:20:37.600 --> 00:20:40.640
He knows that
     there's far more power

00:20:40.880 --> 00:20:42.400
In spreading the gospel

00:20:42.480 --> 00:20:45.920
In going to rome and dying.

00:20:50.240 --> 00:20:52.080
The idea of martyrdom,

00:20:52.200 --> 00:20:53.600
The very public deaths

00:20:53.680 --> 00:20:56.520
Of these early christian
      victims of roman law,

00:20:56.560 --> 00:20:59.120
Was one that
     the christians embraced

00:20:59.240 --> 00:21:02.720
When christians started
     to be executed publicly.

00:21:05.680 --> 00:21:07.680
And of course,
     it came from the origin.

00:21:07.760 --> 00:21:12.800
The death of christ itself was
  a sacrifice of god's own son.

00:21:12.880 --> 00:21:16.320
And so all martyrs
     in a sense are tributes

00:21:16.560 --> 00:21:20.480
Or echoes of the death
        of christ himself.

00:21:22.440 --> 00:21:25.440
Ignatius' letters
tell us about a man

00:21:25.680 --> 00:21:28.080
Who's on
     a spiritual pilgrimage,

00:21:28.200 --> 00:21:30.560
And that pilgrimage
        doesn't just mean

00:21:30.800 --> 00:21:33.440
Spreading the gospel
       while you're alive.

00:21:33.520 --> 00:21:36.480
It means using your very death

00:21:36.720 --> 00:21:39.280
To be a martyr for christ.

00:21:41.520 --> 00:21:43.680
Three months
after leaving antioch,

00:21:43.760 --> 00:21:46.280
Ignatius
     finally arrives in rome.

00:21:48.240 --> 00:21:49.760
Halt.

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:51.760
Over a million people

00:21:51.880 --> 00:21:53.840
Populate the thriving city

00:21:53.960 --> 00:21:56.520
Recently transformed
         by the emperor.

00:21:59.200 --> 00:22:01.440
Trajan is one of the great
emperors of rome.

00:22:01.520 --> 00:22:03.600
He's all about investing
          as much money

00:22:03.680 --> 00:22:05.200
Into the public as possible.

00:22:05.280 --> 00:22:07.120
This is through the creation
          of aqueducts,

00:22:07.240 --> 00:22:09.200
Of roads, of public edifices.

00:22:09.320 --> 00:22:11.600
He believes in that ideology.

00:22:11.680 --> 00:22:13.680
You know, being roman
       is almost like today

00:22:13.800 --> 00:22:15.880
You could say it's the
   american dream of its time.

00:22:15.960 --> 00:22:18.080
They believed that rome
       truly was the light,

00:22:18.160 --> 00:22:21.920
And trajan perpetuated
 that dream and believed in it.

00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:23.520
Trajan's conquests

00:22:23.600 --> 00:22:26.720
Meant that there was
        a massive delivery

00:22:26.800 --> 00:22:30.480
To the roman people
      of slaves, of spoils,

00:22:30.600 --> 00:22:35.680
Of new buildings,
  of new baths, of new temples,

00:22:35.920 --> 00:22:38.720
And, of course, games
        in the colosseum.

00:22:41.160 --> 00:22:44.000
Every roman emperor wanted
   to show off their conquests

00:22:44.240 --> 00:22:46.160
With an arch or a column.

00:22:46.280 --> 00:22:48.160
Titus famously put up an arch

00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:50.560
Showing the conquest
          of jerusalem.

00:22:50.640 --> 00:22:53.920
And now trajan
   puts up this massive column

00:22:54.000 --> 00:22:57.680
Showing his conquest,
 showing his conquests of dacia,

00:22:57.760 --> 00:23:00.240
And basically
       advertising himself

00:23:00.360 --> 00:23:03.440
As an amazing conqueror.

00:23:03.520 --> 00:23:05.360
It's delicately carved

00:23:05.480 --> 00:23:07.280
With these incredibly
         detailed reliefs

00:23:07.400 --> 00:23:09.200
Depicting prisoners
           coming back

00:23:09.280 --> 00:23:11.840
From trajan's wars in dacia.

00:23:11.920 --> 00:23:14.000
It literally freezes it
        in stone forever,

00:23:14.080 --> 00:23:17.040
Reminding romans of what trajan
        has accomplished.

00:23:22.880 --> 00:23:25.480
This is where we must part,
 bishop.

00:23:26.800 --> 00:23:28.280
It's up to you now.

00:23:29.680 --> 00:23:32.720
Spread the word in rome
     as quickly as possible.

00:23:34.560 --> 00:23:37.200
Tell every christian
      what I intend to do.

00:23:42.640 --> 00:23:44.560
Ignatius writes
  his seventh

00:23:44.640 --> 00:23:47.760
And final letter in rome

00:23:47.880 --> 00:23:50.080
To be delivered to
     the christian community

00:23:50.320 --> 00:23:52.320
In secret by burrhus.

00:23:54.960 --> 00:23:59.680
He also makes it very clear:
Do not stop this process.

00:23:59.920 --> 00:24:01.360
Do not rescue me.

00:24:01.440 --> 00:24:03.760
Do not send in other people
       to spirit me away.

00:24:03.840 --> 00:24:05.120
This is my destiny,

00:24:05.160 --> 00:24:07.040
And if you're going
     to be good christians,

00:24:07.040 --> 00:24:09.520
You're gonna watch
          this happen.

00:24:09.520 --> 00:24:10.960
If you sought martyrdom,

00:24:11.040 --> 00:24:13.520
If you sought this
   very public self-sacrifice,

00:24:13.640 --> 00:24:17.200
This act of devotion,
       to inspire others,

00:24:17.320 --> 00:24:20.880
What better place to do it
     than in the colosseum...

00:24:22.800 --> 00:24:26.080
In front of 50,000 people?

00:24:26.160 --> 00:24:29.760
It's a fate ignatius
will face all too soon.

00:24:48.280 --> 00:24:50.760
As ignatius
      spends his final days

00:24:50.840 --> 00:24:53.480
In an underground chamber
        of the colosseum.

00:24:56.120 --> 00:24:57.960
Ignatius would have been
  kept in a cell

00:24:58.200 --> 00:24:59.880
In the hypogeum...

00:25:01.040 --> 00:25:03.840
Awaiting his appearance
       on the arena floor.

00:25:05.080 --> 00:25:08.120
The hypogeum
  is an incredibly complicated

00:25:08.200 --> 00:25:11.640
And confusing area.

00:25:13.840 --> 00:25:15.800
The network
of underground tunnels

00:25:15.920 --> 00:25:19.840
Was built 25 years earlier
       by emperor domitian.

00:25:21.120 --> 00:25:23.240
The hypogeum
was the entire area

00:25:23.480 --> 00:25:27.400
Of the floor of the colosseum
     to a depth of 20 feet.

00:25:27.640 --> 00:25:30.520
It was an entire labyrinth
      beneath the colosseum

00:25:30.640 --> 00:25:32.520
And an enormous space

00:25:32.600 --> 00:25:36.280
With which to produce
       these great shows.

00:25:36.360 --> 00:25:39.160
Hypogeum literally
means "under the earth."

00:25:40.520 --> 00:25:44.280
Among those substructures are
   all kinds of accommodations

00:25:44.360 --> 00:25:47.800
For moving personnel
        and props and sets

00:25:47.920 --> 00:25:50.200
Onto the level
     of the performance space

00:25:50.320 --> 00:25:53.040
So that lions or scenery
      could suddenly pop up

00:25:53.120 --> 00:25:56.560
And surprise the spectators.

00:25:56.600 --> 00:25:59.600
"ooh. Ah!
     What is going on now?"

00:26:02.480 --> 00:26:05.480
Although ignatius' mind
  is on heaven,

00:26:05.720 --> 00:26:08.120
The hypogeum
        is hell on earth.

00:26:14.680 --> 00:26:17.880
The cheers of the crowd above,

00:26:18.000 --> 00:26:20.040
Darkness and heat below.

00:26:22.600 --> 00:26:25.200
One couldn't think
     of a worse place to be.

00:26:27.640 --> 00:26:29.720
There would have
  been hundreds

00:26:29.840 --> 00:26:31.960
If not a thousand people

00:26:32.040 --> 00:26:33.800
Along with
       all of these animals

00:26:34.040 --> 00:26:37.720
Cramped together
        in the hypogeum.

00:26:40.120 --> 00:26:43.160
You can imagine what this
       would have been like

00:26:43.280 --> 00:26:45.360
For ignatius.

00:26:47.000 --> 00:26:48.880
Though I walk through
 the valley

00:26:48.920 --> 00:26:51.320
Of the shadow of death...

00:26:51.480 --> 00:26:54.200
I will fear no evil.

00:26:55.280 --> 00:27:00.120
He's gotta ask himself,
is he going to die with grace,

00:27:00.200 --> 00:27:02.040
Or is he going to end up

00:27:02.120 --> 00:27:05.400
Some grisly carcass
     on the colosseum floor?

00:27:09.080 --> 00:27:10.680
Trajan's fourth months

00:27:10.800 --> 00:27:12.440
Of nonstop entertainment

00:27:12.560 --> 00:27:15.160
Begin with beast hunts
        in the morning...

00:27:21.720 --> 00:27:24.440
Followed by a grisly
         halftime show--

00:27:24.520 --> 00:27:26.680
Public executions.

00:27:26.760 --> 00:27:28.880
Citizens of rome...

00:27:31.400 --> 00:27:33.080
Marvel at the worst criminals

00:27:33.160 --> 00:27:35.560
As they experience...

00:27:35.640 --> 00:27:39.160
The true power of the empire.

00:27:41.680 --> 00:27:43.960
The roman judicial system
was class-driven.

00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:46.080
If you were very,
        very high status,

00:27:46.160 --> 00:27:47.880
You would be allowed
      to do it in some way

00:27:47.960 --> 00:27:50.840
That was quick and easy
    and relatively painless.

00:27:52.280 --> 00:27:54.920
If, however,
    you were of a lower class

00:27:55.160 --> 00:27:56.760
Or you were a slave,

00:27:56.840 --> 00:27:59.880
Then you were going
  to be killed fairly brutally.

00:28:00.760 --> 00:28:03.400
But the most popular
with the colosseum crowd

00:28:03.640 --> 00:28:06.280
Was damnatio ad bestias...

00:28:06.360 --> 00:28:09.320
Or condemned
       to the wild beasts.

00:28:12.880 --> 00:28:14.600
So we have the expression
  in english,

00:28:14.840 --> 00:28:16.120
"being thrown to the lions."

00:28:16.240 --> 00:28:18.120
We use it sort of
     metaphorically, right?

00:28:18.200 --> 00:28:19.960
But it was very literal
      in the roman empire.

00:28:20.040 --> 00:28:22.440
People actually were
      thrown to the lions.

00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:27.320
The executions of criminals
using wild beasts

00:28:27.440 --> 00:28:29.320
Was almost as old
         as rome itself.

00:28:29.400 --> 00:28:31.720
Watching them gore
 unfortunate criminals to death,

00:28:31.800 --> 00:28:33.760
This was part
    of the roman experience.

00:28:33.760 --> 00:28:33.800
This was part
    of the roman experience.

00:28:33.800 --> 00:28:33.840
Of fellow humans
     and smiled and laughed.

00:28:36.160 --> 00:28:38.280
I think part of the secret
           is that they

00:28:38.360 --> 00:28:40.640
Compartmentalized
           the victims

00:28:40.760 --> 00:28:42.560
As subhuman

00:28:42.680 --> 00:28:46.080
Because they were a threat
        to roman society.

00:28:46.200 --> 00:28:47.640
The romans think,
          "this is just

00:28:47.680 --> 00:28:49.200
Human garbage
      to be gotten rid of."

00:28:57.920 --> 00:29:00.800
With death
lying inevitably ahead,

00:29:00.920 --> 00:29:04.000
Some choose a different path.

00:29:08.720 --> 00:29:10.240
No, no, no, no.

00:29:10.320 --> 00:29:11.480
No! No! No!

00:29:23.640 --> 00:29:26.800
Ignatius and his
fellow condemned prisoners

00:29:26.880 --> 00:29:30.400
Await their final terrifying
    moments in the colosseum.

00:29:33.840 --> 00:29:35.120
No, no, no, no.

00:29:35.360 --> 00:29:37.280
No! No! No!

00:29:43.200 --> 00:29:47.120
They kill themselves
in very imaginative ways.

00:29:47.360 --> 00:29:49.840
One slave commits suicide
         in the toilet.

00:29:50.080 --> 00:29:51.320
He takes a toilet sponge,

00:29:51.560 --> 00:29:52.720
Which was a sponge
    at the end of the stick,

00:29:52.840 --> 00:29:54.640
Which was essentially
       roman toilet paper,

00:29:54.720 --> 00:29:56.880
And he shoves it
         down his throat.

00:29:59.680 --> 00:30:02.880
I mean, these are really
  extreme ways to kill yourself,

00:30:03.000 --> 00:30:04.640
But it's also a comment

00:30:04.720 --> 00:30:07.040
On how extreme
    what they were facing was

00:30:07.160 --> 00:30:09.920
And the limits that
 they pushed themselves through

00:30:10.040 --> 00:30:12.960
To end their life
        rather than face

00:30:13.040 --> 00:30:15.920
What the romans
      regarded as justice.

00:30:35.920 --> 00:30:38.000
From the roman perspective,
ignatius is gonna get

00:30:38.240 --> 00:30:41.360
Exactly what he deserves
        at the colosseum.

00:30:42.360 --> 00:30:44.560
But in reality, what they're
  doing is giving him a platform

00:30:45.040 --> 00:30:46.920
And an audience.

00:30:48.320 --> 00:30:49.280
They can't see it.

00:31:06.240 --> 00:31:08.320
Dear lord,
protect our brother ignatius

00:31:08.440 --> 00:31:10.560
From those who would
         do evil to him.

00:31:10.640 --> 00:31:11.760
Amen.

00:31:13.200 --> 00:31:14.880
Ignatius is saying,

00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:17.760
"the bigger the audience I have
    for my spectacular death,

00:31:17.840 --> 00:31:20.120
The more I'll be able
   to broadcast the message."

00:31:21.120 --> 00:31:22.880
Christians.

00:31:22.960 --> 00:31:27.280
When they see a few of their
high priests eaten by lions,

00:31:27.360 --> 00:31:29.200
They'll turn to our gods.

00:31:32.480 --> 00:31:35.120
So we have ignatius' own
words because of his letters,

00:31:35.360 --> 00:31:38.400
And they can really help us
      to get into his mind.

00:31:51.280 --> 00:31:53.920
Bring on the fires,

00:31:54.000 --> 00:31:56.800
The cross,

00:31:56.920 --> 00:32:00.240
The hordes of wild beasts.

00:32:05.760 --> 00:32:08.000
The whole phenomenon
of christian martyrdom

00:32:08.080 --> 00:32:10.560
Is absolutely
        a massive enigma,

00:32:10.640 --> 00:32:13.200
And the roman mind
      cannot understand it,

00:32:13.280 --> 00:32:15.920
Just as they cannot understand
  the sort of joy that they see

00:32:16.160 --> 00:32:18.680
In the faces of the martyrs
      in the amphitheaters.

00:32:20.160 --> 00:32:22.880
This would've confused
  trajan.

00:32:22.960 --> 00:32:25.040
Trajan wants to see a battle.

00:32:25.280 --> 00:32:27.440
And here's a man who's just

00:32:27.680 --> 00:32:30.080
Standing there awaiting death.

00:32:30.200 --> 00:32:31.680
Who does that?

00:32:31.760 --> 00:32:36.480
Only let me attain
 jesus christ.

00:32:36.560 --> 00:32:39.360
The end goal for him
is something different.

00:32:39.480 --> 00:32:41.120
It's something
       bigger and greater,

00:32:41.200 --> 00:32:44.680
And that is eternity,
   eternal life with his lord.

00:32:46.080 --> 00:32:50.320
Christianity if you were
a good person, when you die,

00:32:50.400 --> 00:32:52.800
You will go to a place

00:32:52.880 --> 00:32:56.160
Of blessed contentment,
             heaven.

00:32:56.280 --> 00:33:00.240
There is no poverty, no pain.

00:33:00.320 --> 00:33:02.880
There is no sadness.

00:33:02.960 --> 00:33:05.280
And everyone,

00:33:05.360 --> 00:33:09.120
Anyone can achieve that.

00:33:12.000 --> 00:33:13.840
The roman view

00:33:14.080 --> 00:33:18.240
Of what happened
      after death was bleak.

00:33:18.360 --> 00:33:20.320
It's a shadowy underworld

00:33:20.440 --> 00:33:23.200
And then a place sort of
      like christian hell.

00:33:23.320 --> 00:33:25.040
They did not want to die,

00:33:25.120 --> 00:33:27.120
Because there was
        nothing for them.

00:33:28.560 --> 00:33:33.600
The hideous tortures
 of the devil.

00:33:33.720 --> 00:33:36.000
He's saying things like
he wants to be torn apart

00:33:36.120 --> 00:33:37.720
By the wild beasts.

00:33:37.800 --> 00:33:39.680
He wants to be ground
            like bread

00:33:39.760 --> 00:33:41.520
Between the teeth of the lion.

00:33:41.600 --> 00:33:43.280
The language in it

00:33:43.520 --> 00:33:45.440
Is extraordinarily
       strong and severe.

00:33:45.520 --> 00:33:50.160
Real sense of wanting to die,
       wanting to suffer.

00:33:50.400 --> 00:33:53.920
The wrenching of my bones.

00:33:54.040 --> 00:33:56.960
The dicing of my limbs.

00:33:59.840 --> 00:34:03.120
He knows that dying
  as a martyr

00:34:03.360 --> 00:34:06.240
Is actually
      going to do far more

00:34:06.360 --> 00:34:09.200
In spreading the gospel

00:34:09.280 --> 00:34:11.680
Than just standing there
          and preaching.

00:34:11.760 --> 00:34:16.080
And so when they see
   this martyr just stand there

00:34:16.320 --> 00:34:19.840
And die gracefully,
            willingly,

00:34:19.920 --> 00:34:22.880
They're gonna ask,
     "what does he believe?"

00:34:22.960 --> 00:34:26.240
And when they find out,
            oh, man,

00:34:26.320 --> 00:34:28.640
Christianity is going
       to begin to spread.

00:34:30.880 --> 00:34:34.480
Ignatius' actions
are a provocation to rome,

00:34:34.560 --> 00:34:37.120
One that must be stopped.

00:34:44.080 --> 00:34:45.040
Now.

00:35:13.080 --> 00:35:15.200
Ignatius,
a christian bishop,

00:35:15.320 --> 00:35:17.920
Embraces death
        in the colosseum.

00:35:28.920 --> 00:35:32.240
The romans plan to make
an example of ignatius,

00:35:32.480 --> 00:35:35.120
But this was about
     to completely backfire.

00:35:51.680 --> 00:35:53.280
It's not touching him!

00:35:57.280 --> 00:36:00.640
There are great stories
of christians being

00:36:00.720 --> 00:36:02.320
Thrown before the beasts,
        before the lions,

00:36:02.360 --> 00:36:04.800
And instead of the lions
         devouring them,

00:36:04.840 --> 00:36:06.120
The lions lie down
         at their feet.

00:36:08.240 --> 00:36:09.760
Our lord is protecting him.

00:36:12.480 --> 00:36:14.400
Who doesn't like that idea
  of a lion

00:36:14.480 --> 00:36:15.760
Who's supposed
        to tear you apart

00:36:16.000 --> 00:36:18.400
Instead rolling over
       to get a belly rub

00:36:18.520 --> 00:36:20.080
Instead of eating you?

00:36:46.880 --> 00:36:51.920
He held to his beliefs

00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:54.160
And died for it.

00:36:54.240 --> 00:36:56.880
Why?

00:36:57.120 --> 00:36:59.520
For something he believed in,

00:36:59.640 --> 00:37:06.320
And that must've been...
    Astounding to the romans.

00:37:11.000 --> 00:37:17.280
Well, I think our point
was made clear enough.

00:37:17.360 --> 00:37:19.160
I'm not sure.

00:37:21.440 --> 00:37:22.880
I'm not sure at all.

00:37:30.480 --> 00:37:33.280
With his death,
ignatius is able to subvert

00:37:33.400 --> 00:37:35.040
The symbolism
        of the colosseum,

00:37:35.120 --> 00:37:36.480
The pagan symbolism,

00:37:36.560 --> 00:37:38.080
And in a sense replace it

00:37:38.160 --> 00:37:40.400
With the heroism
        of the christian

00:37:40.480 --> 00:37:42.480
Who is the victim
         in a roman game

00:37:42.560 --> 00:37:44.880
But actually the victor
        in the long run.

00:37:47.360 --> 00:37:49.200
Let us go.

00:37:54.640 --> 00:37:58.160
The case of ignatius is just
one of the early examples

00:37:58.240 --> 00:38:01.280
Of a long line
      of christian martyrs.

00:38:01.400 --> 00:38:04.560
One would beget more, because
  the power and the attraction

00:38:04.800 --> 00:38:07.040
Of these kind of displays
           of devotion

00:38:07.160 --> 00:38:09.680
Really convinced
       many other people...

00:38:09.920 --> 00:38:11.680
Wait.

00:38:11.800 --> 00:38:12.960
To convert to christianity.

00:38:13.080 --> 00:38:14.800
I mean,
        what greater mark

00:38:15.040 --> 00:38:17.920
Of devotion,
   of the rightness of a faith

00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:20.320
Is that someone
    is willing to die for it?

00:38:26.240 --> 00:38:27.760
Leave.

00:38:41.600 --> 00:38:44.080
At the time
that ignatius dies,

00:38:44.320 --> 00:38:46.880
Nobody would
       expect christianity

00:38:46.960 --> 00:38:49.440
To become what it is today.

00:38:49.560 --> 00:38:52.320
In that moment, it would seem
       that he's defeated.

00:38:52.400 --> 00:38:54.720
But in fact,
      the victory was his,

00:38:54.800 --> 00:38:57.600
Because it was his belief
   system that would prevail.

00:38:57.720 --> 00:39:00.480
Little by little,
   these figures like ignatius

00:39:00.560 --> 00:39:04.400
Were the pieces that were
     building a mighty wall,

00:39:04.480 --> 00:39:07.000
Something that was going
     to take over the empire.

00:39:07.960 --> 00:39:10.240
Shortly after
the time of ignatius,

00:39:10.320 --> 00:39:14.480
There are an estimated 40,000
    christians in the empire.

00:39:14.720 --> 00:39:18.400
There are about 6 million
         150 years later

00:39:18.480 --> 00:39:21.280
When the emperor himself,
           constantine,

00:39:21.400 --> 00:39:24.560
Converts in 312 a.D.

00:39:27.040 --> 00:39:32.160
The colosseum,
it made slaves into heroes.

00:39:32.240 --> 00:39:35.600
And ironically christianity
       did the same thing,

00:39:35.680 --> 00:39:39.200
Upending the power structure
             of rome

00:39:39.280 --> 00:39:42.080
And taking marginalized people

00:39:42.200 --> 00:39:45.240
And turning them
         into immortals.